I
recently read The Book: A Cover-To-Cover Exploration of the Most
Powerful Object of Our Time, by Keith Houston. It’s all about the printed book, the ones
that have mass and fill out a bookcase.
It’s about the best format a book can take – greater than e-books, clay
tablets, papyrus scrolls, or wax writing boards.
While
praising the printed book as the “world’s most important form of written
record,” it notes it faces an unknown future:
“Just as paper superseded parchment, immovable type put scribes out of a
job, and the codex, or paged book, overtook the papyrus scrolls, so competitors
and electronic books threaten the very existence of the physical book.”
It
speaks of the e-book’s appeal -- cheap, convenient, weightless, up-to-date -- and
says “It takes a strong will to resist the lure of the e-book.”
Resist,
we must.
I
love physical books and they deserve to be with us forever. But in order for this to happen, they will
either co-exist with digital books or they will have to squash the e-book. Right now print still dominates, thankfully,
but who knows for how long.
To
support the printed book, a book like Houston’s is needed, providing historical
support for the beauty of paper-filled tomes.
Papyrus
had a 3,000-year run as a writing material.
Eventually that got replaced – and perhaps like it, printed books will
one day be supplanted by their digital counterpart.
Parchment,
invented by King Eumenes II of Pergamon, a ruler of a Greek city-state around
200 B.C., replaced papyrus. And other
resources would come to be used to write and print on but in the end, paper has
won out. Interestingly, in the age of
email, digital books, and websites, our dependence on paper has grown, not
lessened.
Houston
notes: “World consumption of paper has
doubled since 1980, with each resident of the U.S.A. consuming the equivalent
of 5.57 forty-foot trees in 2012. That
is to say, an average American gets through almost 500 pounds of paper in a year.”
The
book talked about mass deacidification and how in the 1930s, “it was discovered
that wood-pulp paper slowly, inexorably disintegrates even without the presence
of excess bleach or acidilignin, a complex molecule found abundantly in wood,
reacts to ultraviolet light to destroy the cellulose that binds paper
together. In the 1980s, when the Library
of Congress first tackled the issue of brittle books, it estimated that 25
percent of books owned by large American research libraries – 75 million
volumes in all – would crumble to dust if handled. A slow fire was consuming books across the
world and something had to be done.”
The
book is a fascinating read, especially for philologists (who study the development
of language) and those who love to learn about the written word. Below are some random excerpts that may be of
appeal to you:
The
Birth of Writing
Modern
day linguists think that the idea of writing-that visual signs could be used to
represent spoken words, sounds or concepts – came to Egypt from nearby Sumer,
in what is now northeastern Iraq.
3000
B.C. The Scroll
The
Egyptians invented something else, too, during that frantic period at the dawn
of writing. To borrow the Oxford English
Dictionary’s words on the subject, Egypt’s scribes had figured out how to
combine individual sheets of papyrus to make “portable volume[s] consisting of
a series of written, printed, or illustrated pages bound together for ease of
reading”; they had invented the book, in
other words, in the form of the papyrus scroll.
As evidenced by the papyri preserved Egypt’s arid climate, and as
described in Pliny’s second-century buyer’s guide, the books of the ancient
world were made from long series of papyrus sheets trimmed to matching heights
and pasted together, to be rolled up for storage and unrolled for reading. What we do not know, however, is why the
scroll ever came about in the first place.
The
Scribe
Whether
or not a scribe understood a word of the text he was copying, progress was slow
and methodical. Each letter was
constructed stroke by stroke in iron gall ink, and a conscientious scribe would
pause to sharpen his quill tens of times each day to maintain an even
line. The penknife with which he did
that, in fact, was every bit as important as his pen: with it, he could prick
holes for guidelines; scrape off a mistake before its ink soaked into the page;
or hold springy parchment flat so as to write upon it more easily. At the end of all this he would have picked
up the completed page, cast an expert eye over its neatly ruled lines and disciplined
text, and then passed it on to a colleague practiced in the graphic arts.
The
Illuminated Manuscript
The
writing of books evolved in fits and starts.
If we could plat a line tracing that history, it would be punctuated
with abrupt spikes announcing the invention of hieroglyphs, papyrus, movable
type, and any one of a hundred other innovations, large and small. The story of book illustration is a similar
one, and one of the key inflection points on our hypothetical graph – a
skyrocketing discontinuity that dwarfs what come before and paved the way for
what followed-marks the arrival, in medieval times, of the illuminated
manuscript.
Bookbinding
Like
papermaking, movable type, and woodcut printing, book-binding was not a craft
disposed to great inventive leaps.
Occasionally, a bookbinder was moved to experiment with some radical
alteration to the basic formula of the book – two books bound to a single
wooden covering board, for instance, or a series of books concertinaed together
like an unholy orihon but with the adoption of double-cord binding, the form of
the book was effectively standardized.
From the time of the St. Cuthbert Gospel, the Ragyndrudis Codex, and
their medieval ilk, through to the encyclopedias Britannica and Webster’s dictionaries
that lined nineteenth-century bookshelves, the evolution of the book was a gentle
one, borne onward on a tide of tinkering, refinements, and changes in material.
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Brian Feinblum’s views,
opinions, and ideas expressed in this blog are his alone and not that of his
employer. You can follow him on Twitter @theprexpert and email him at
brianfeinblum@gmail.com. He feels more important when discussed in the
third-person. This is copyrighted by BookMarketingBuzzBlog 2017©. Born and
raised in Brooklyn, now resides in Westchester. Named one of the best book
marketing blogs by Book Baby http://blog.bookbaby.com/2013/09/the-best-book-marketing-blogs
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